Development of Moldova

Moldova is a land locked country that lies between Ukraine and Romania.   It gained independence in 1991 after an aborted coup against Russia.   It is ranked as the most poor country in Europe, attributable to the economic crisis that faced Russia in 1998.   This is because Moldova's foreign trade heavily relied on Russia and the crisis naturally had adverse effects on its economy.   The current president, Vladimir Voronin, has made attempts to bring the country closer to Russia in a bid to resuscitate the economy.Economic development is the effort to increase wealth of a country through empowering the citizens (Leornard, 2006).   It goes beyond economic growth and focuses on social and political sectors of the society.   This includes uplifting the standards of living of the people as well as enhancing democracy and freedom of the people.   Measures include economic growth, literacy rates, poverty rates, life expectancy among others.Moldova is able to attain the status of highly developed countries, in the next fifty years due to the changes that the current government is implementing, that facilitate reaching this level.Economic aspectFor development to be achieved, there has to be a systematic effort to increase the economic growth.   Moldova does not have major mineral resources and consequently relies on agriculture, due to the favorable climate.   It relies on Russia for nearly half of the exports and major import partners include Russia, Romania, Belarus and Ukraine.   Major imports are fuel, electricity, chemicals, textiles and machinery while exports are foodstuffs, textiles and tobacco.   It experiences unfavorable balance of trade and in 2007, it was recorded at $2.3 billion.   Moldova has high external debt that was estimated at $900 million in 2000, most of which came from the World Bank and the IMF.The GDP declined over the years due to the effect from Russia but is now slowly coming around.   Moldova's strategy to improv e the economy was to free prices and interest rates, land privatization and the removal of export restrictions.   Economic progress is gradually being achieved since indicators like the GDP are rising.   Inflation is reducing and the economy is growing due to the government's expenditure framework that stresses fiscal discipline as well as efficient resource use.Social aspect.Ten years ago, 75% of the population in Moldova was below the poverty line (Berglund, 2004).   Other social problems include human trafficking and influx of drugs such as opium, since Moldova is a route for drugs destined for Europe and US.   This has an adverse effect on the health of the people.   The government is slowly addressing these issues, for example by empowering the population through investment geared towards economic growth.   This is being done by reducing hurdles to business entry, by for example, reducing number of licenses required for trade.   This results in increase of disposa ble income to households.   The government is also constructing infrastructure like roads, schools and hospitals to improve the standards of living of the people.Political aspectMoldovan political parties lack internal democracy and accountability.   Opposition parties do not take part in formulation of policies due to parliament's attitude of ignoring alternative opinions.   In 2005, Freedom House gave Moldova a score of 5.75, in terms of democracy, which is a poor show.   Political parties do not also hold dialog with civil societies.   The government is slowly increasing the democratic space.   It has also dedicated time to solve the Transnistrian conflict which will increase political development.ChallengesPrivatization of state owned corporations is marred by corruption. There is political and economic uncertainty and ineffective law enforcement.   Over reliance of Russia in trade is also a challenge.   Ban on Moldovan wine and agricultural products by Russia in 2006 adversely affected its revenue, since wine accounted for a third of its exports, of which 80% went to Russia (Leornard, 2006).   In 2007, Moldova faced drought that led to losses in the agricultural sector amounting to over $100 million.   There is financial challenge due to external debt and uncertainty towards future assistance.   Finally, there is a challenge of involving poor people in activities of Non-Governmental Organizations.RecommendationsMoldova should reduce reliance on Russia for trade since in the past, any adverse policy changes by Russia have greatly affected Moldovan economy.   It should also reduce the reliance on agriculture and diversify in other sectors of the economy, since climate change tends to greatly affect the economy.   Support for medium and small size enterprises would facilitate increase the employment opportunities in the country.   There should be motivation for development for example rewards, to encourage innovation.   Use of r enewable energy sources like wind would reduce reliance on electricity.Moldova should   ensure that the civil society participates in the formation of policies at all levels so as to integrate the views of the citizens.   It should put in place reforms that strengthen civil control over the military.   It should design legal frameworks that define rights and tasks of parliamentary, civilian and public control mechanisms.ConclusionMoldova is on track in achieving development in the next few decades.   All it has to do is reduce reliance on Russia and look for alternative markets.   It should also strengthen democracy and improve the standards of living of the people.   A stable political environment coupled with infrastructure to attract investments, efficient use of the available resources as well as having effective monetary and fiscal policies should enable Moldova achieve development before the next fifty hours are over. References Leonard, T. M. (2006), Encyclopedia of the developing world. Washington: Routledge. Berglund, S. (2004), The handbook of political change in eastern Europe. New York: Edward

Immigration Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Immigration Choice - Essay Example The choice of the Copper Island represents a more calculated risk for the family. Mr. Paneo, being the head of the family, primarily considers the welfare of his wife and his two children by showing preference to less risky alternatives. Instead of waiting for more than a year before the immigration permit to United Territories is processed and granted, the Paneo family is better off sending Mr. Paneo immediately to Copper Islands. It should be noted that aside from the long wait for the immigration permit, the Paneo family lacks the assurance that they will meet the immigration eligibility for United Territories. The members of the Paneo family have strong ties with each other considering their decision to stay together as one family. However, it is also assumed that they are also willing to endure some sacrifices for their utmost benefit. Thus, the Paneo family, with sad but hopeful hearts, will permit their father to immigrate first in the Copper Islands for a year. This will allow Mr. Paneo to find a good job and a house before his family move in. This will also enable him to prepare his family by providing them with essential information like the climate, the culture, the food and things that they need to be cope with.

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan - Essay Example The major purpose for Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan was to secure an advantageous position in Asia to get access to better trade connection and Gulf oil. During this period, Afghanistan was going through an internal struggle. The then monarch, King Zahir Shah was not successful in bridging the gap between the tribal class and the central government resulting in a huge chasm between the elite class and the local tribal leaders. In 1978, the Saur Revolution took place during which the Afghan Communist Party assassinated the country’s Prime Minister, and this event made the country even more vulnerable for foreign attacks due to the absence of a stable government. During the period that Soviet Union captured the land of Afghanistan, the former introduced different social and military policies that enraged the local population because of the oppressive strategies of the Soviets. They implemented land reforms that had adverse impact on the tribal leaders. The economic reforms that were initiated by the Soviets enhanced the gap between the rich and the poor as the condition of the latter worsened. As a result of these reforms, it was common scenario that various tribal groups demonstrated protests against the Soviets. In order to suppress these uprisings, the Soviets used extreme and ruthless measures like mass arrests, persecutions, and aerial bombardments. According to a November 2001 Amnesty International report, during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan approximately one million people were died, and eight thousand people were executed after putting on trial between 1980 and 1988. Such extreme atrocities by the Soviets eventually erupted i nto strong resistance by the Mughal freedom fighers with support from the United States. Finally, in the year 1988, the then Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev capitulated and withdrew his troops from Afghanistan after calling the entire events as a â€Å"bleeding wound† (â€Å"The

Response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Response paper - Essay Example The American citizens realize that the increased profit pressures are moving the press away from sensitive and controversial issues. These issues may critic on features of corporate America resulting to reduced sales. Thus, the media agendas receive direction from the government and business interests. The citizens are highly becoming aware that the media they are receiving is of lower quality filled with propaganda. The citizens also now understand that the media is a form of support or manipulation tool for the powerful. It also understands that the media consistently fails in its role of delivering true information to the masses. The distrust of media has grown quite extensively over the past five years in many American citizens (In Ward 2013 p. 67). Regulations limiting media products from entering a domestic market include import quotas, immigration rules, foreign ownership regulations, foreign exchange remittances and custom duties. This occurs to protect local industries from foreign competition. However, as times change the trade barriers undergo lessening in an effort to increase trade. If these barriers in the future receive lifting, the media products would flow freely between countries. This unlimited flow of entertainment and information would enhance media globalization. The transport of people and goods keeps improving. Over the years, it keeps getting affordable and reliable. These improvements will facilitate quick and easy transportation of media products to people across the world in the future. These improvements will facilitate growth of global media since the products will be easily accessible. Technology keeps evolving. It keeps reducing geographical distance while allowing for larger volumes of communication. With new developments, the speed of communication keeps increasing. Technology evolvements keep making communication and access of information easier and flexible. Thus, in the future these new

The critical factors influencing citizen infusion to e government web Dissertation

The critical factors influencing citizen infusion to e government web services - Dissertation Example ........................................................... 8 5.1.2.2 Government to Government (G2G) ..................................................................... 8 5.1.2.3 Government to Business (G2B)............................................................................ 8 5.1.2.4 Government to Employee (G2E)........................................................................... 8 5.1. 4. STAGE MODELS OF e GOVERNMENT................................................................. 9 5.1.5. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................. 12 5.2. TECHNOLOGY INFUSION................................................................ 13 5.2.1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 13 5.2.2. INFUSION CONCEPTAND MODELS...................................................................... 13 5.2.3. CRITICAL FACTORS THAT INFLU ENCING CITIZEN INFUSION................. 19 5.2.3.1. Environmental †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.............................................................................. 19 5.2.3.2. Individual †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................................................................................... 21 5.2.3.3. Design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦............................................................................................22 5.2.4. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................. 23 6. RESEARCH MODEL............................................................. 24 REFERENCES............................................................................ 25 1 Introduction As a direct result of advances in Information and... This essay discusses that as a direct result of advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) through the internet, citizens have developed a whole new set of expectations regarding the methods and processes used in interacting with their respective governments. Following in the footsteps of the revolution in consumer purchasing that E-commerce established, e government (electronic government) has been stated by studies such as those by Dodd as the new wave of the future in public sector interaction between citizens and government offices for the next generation. e government can be described as the implementation of digital processes and technologies in order to increase efficiency, reliability and coverage of internal and external government services and information sharing to citizens while at the same time implementing a concept known as "lean governance" wherein wasteful spending, processes and methods of operation are in effect eliminated as a direct result of util izing e government procedures and systems. It is based on these perceived benefits that a large number of developed and developing countries around the world have begun to allocate resources towards e government programs and initiatives. In fact, as seen in the article "From e government to Connected Governance" a survey conducted by the United Nations in 2010 showed that 189 out of 192 member states were actually pushing through with a significant amount of e government initiatives.

Management Sustainability Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Sustainability Plan - Coursework Example The paper tells that the water resource problem talked about is overfishing which has been practiced by fishermen for quit longer time. According to VLR, fishermen have been engaging in deep sea fishing which has led to depletion of big fish to about only 10 percent remaining in the sea which has raised alarm among the environmentalists. Overfishing has also led to decreased number of fish species available in the sea since they no-longer breed leading to their depletion. Most fishermen are motivated to overfishing by the reward they get leading to the creation of the problem. The big population has also contributed to the problem since people need food to keep themselves surviving in undergoing their daily duties. The problems met as a result of declining fish stocks can be addressed through management and sustainability plans which are favorable to both sides. One of management and sustainability plans will be through seasonal fishing. This will allow fishing for a certain time fra me then living fish to breed as they regain population. Most of the problems have been as a result of overfishing and leaving no room for various fish species to breed as a result of disturbance. Fish can be given 4 months to breed without any form of fishing and resuming fishing for 8 months yearly. However, this sustainability plan must start with community awareness, and they be educated in ensuring they get the essence otherwise it may not work. Second management and sustainability plan is through diversification of sources of incomes and diet. This is possible through having different sources of acquiring income as well as food hence minimizing the pressure on one source, which is fishing (Hompson & Jorgensen 31). Creating awareness first will be critical for the success of this plan as fishermen will see the need of diversification through being educated. It may be a long term plan but will be fruitful and sustainable to the generations to come since it can be monitored. Build ing fish ponds can be helpful in sustaining if there are resources since it will create another avenue of getting fish incase the community is not willing to change in diet. The above mentioned plans are sustainable and are favoring both environmentalist and the fishermen. Diversification of sources of revenues and source of food can be viewed positively by the environmentalists because it will lessen the pressure put on fishing activities. However, it may not be quickly viewed positively by fishermen being that they have lived on fishing as the only source of income and of food over decades. It may be viewed negatively, but at last it will be good and will be adopted by both parties. Seasonal fishing will be welcomed by environmentalist and fishermen because the end-result will be overwhelming. It will provide the opportunity to have fish throughout, and they will increase in population to their advantage. There may be contrast views concerning the use of fish pond as a result of p erceived resources to be used, but it is a good, sustainable plan too. Environmentalist can embrace it since it will be man-made and more fish species can be introduced into it. Fishermen too can view it positively since it is man-made fish source with the owner in full regulations without external interference. Various techniques of catching fish have different problems that they bring to the ecosystem. One of the problems as a result of this fishing technique is unbalancing of the food chain, which comes in several ways. The ability of man to do overfishing depletes fish resulting to deficiency of food on sea animals feeding on fish. Proper fishing techniques control the balance of food chains since there is the availability of the preys as well as the predators. This technique of fishing also causes poor breeding among fish as a result of disturbances in their breeding grounds. The proposed plan in the community may be affect some people in one way or another depending on the tim e of

PACKED DISTILLATION COLUMN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PACKED DISTILLATION COLUMN - Essay Example In order to achieve the initial heat loss rate of the system, there was fixing of the output voltage to its maximum value and setting the reflux divider to total reflux. Once the measurement is achieved, there was changing of the reflux values to 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 with the help of reflux divider situate on the control panel and the rate of feed flow altered to a maximum value of 70 cc/min. Waiting period of 20 minutes was recommended upon the change of reflux ratios and system reaching its steady state. It was then possible to identify the time at which the system reached its steady state by checking at the temperature indicators with the help of a thermocouple selectors. To obtain the heat loss rate of the initial experiment for every reflux ratio specific values, it was recommended to obtain the feed samples and to identify the top products with respect to the namesake valves. These parameters were obtained in the cylinders used for measuring and cooling in the refrigerator finally followed to temperatures of 15-16oC. Once the required temperature was achieved, the solutions specific gravity was measured by use of a hydrometer. Matching the reading obtained followed to a closer figure of the charts specific gravity giving approximate alcohol percentage in the solution. In addition, the amount of fluid passing through a given time interval was measured to obtain top product flow rates. A constant feed rate supply is maintained by channelling the supply from a head tank and backing it up with the help of feed tank as indicated in the start-up procedure. The other pipes are used to supply the liquid from top product tank to bottom product tank and finally to feed tank. To constitute the feed, return the products collected from the top, the bottom, and any sample that had been taken for measurements back to the feed tank (McKeown and Chalfant, 2000).   The interlock of the system are used to protect condenser coils of the glass from thermal shock when water