Critique of Thomas Hobbes’s Leviathan

Wright State University Modern Political Philosophy Essay 1 Critique of Thomas Hobbes’s â€Å"Leviathan† Wes Miller PHL 432 Donovan Miyasaki 10/9/2012 Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher best known for his 1651 text â€Å"Leviathan†. In â€Å"Leviathan† Hobbes suggests that human nature is one of competition, diffidence, and glory. I will argue against this assertion, claiming that human nature is not one of war and mistrust, but one of cooperation and collaboration. I will conclude by stating that man works together to achieve the common goal of survival, happiness, and advancement of the human race.Hobbes begins his explanation of the state of nature in chapter 13 of â€Å"Leviathan† by stating that all men are equal in nature. Although one man may be stronger or more intelligent than another, humans are relatively equal in every way because of their ability to manipulate and form alliances: â€Å"For as to the strength of body, the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination, or by confederacy with others, that are in the same danger as himself. †1 Because men are all equal, Hobbes believed that they desire the same things. If two men share the same desire, they become enemies.If all men are equal, there is no way for one man to be master of all other men. If a single man were to attempt to gain power over all other men, he would be overthrown by those he was trying to have power over. Considering that all are naturally equal, and all naturally desire the same things, the nature of man, according to Hobbes, is war: â€Å"So that in the nature of man, we find three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory† (293). In this constant state of war there is no desire for any technological advancements or culture because there would be no use for either.Many other aspects of life are thrown aside as well: â€Å"no navigation, nor us e of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving, and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitarily, poor, nasty, brutish, and short† (293). Hobbes claims that in this state of nature, there is no place for any type of justice or understanding of right and wrong.Because there is no society, there is no agreement on any type of guidelines between men. Because there are no guidelines, there is no way to be unjust. Therefore, every action in the state of nature is just. For example, it is perfectly just to steal from someone if they hold something that you desire (such as food, shelter, etc. ) Hobbes goes on to explain that the only reasons that humans would be in a state of peace would be the fear of death and the desire for commodious liv ing. Hobbes gives a very pessimistic view of human nature.If his claims that the human nature is one of competition, diffidence, and glory were correct, the world that we live in today would be impossible to achieve. If every man was constantly at war with every other man as Hobbes claims, there would be absolutely no room for any technological advancement. He says this himself: â€Å"In such condition, there is no place for industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain† (293). If what Hobbes claims is true, the human race would not even exist. Mankind would have destroyed itself before it was able to create any kind of society.Simply by looking back at how the world evolved to be the way it is today, anyone can see that the human race as a whole has been extremely successful. Humans worked together, formed alliances, and constantly took steps to achieve a more balanced society. Although many of these attempts have been unsuccessful, they were still attempts nonetheless. T he fact that the advancement of society was even attempted proves that humans had to have worked together. I agree with Hobbes’s view that no man can be master of all men, but I do, however, believe that some men can be masters of some men.For example, the monarchial systems of England and China were successful for thousands of years. Humans have a pack mentality, much like wolves. Some are leaders, and others are followers, this has been true since the dawn of man. There have always been chieftains, kings, and presidents leading a group of other humans. Because of this system, all men are not entirely equal. Some men have power over other men. The situations in which men can be at peace with each other is exactly what Hobbes said, fear of death, but is it not true that all men fear death?If man did not fear death, the human race would die out. There has to be a fear of death in order to survive. So, if there must be a fear of death to survive, and all men have a natural fear death, would this not mean that man’s nature is one of peace? One might argue that the societies in place today are constantly at war with each other, that societies are groups of people acting as an individual, proving that Hobbes’s idea of a human nature in which we are constantly at war is correct. I would reply, however, with another question.Isn’t society a result of a mass amount of collaboration between human beings? Because the societies at war are made up of a large group of people acting as an individual, one can come to the conclusion that before societies were created, there was only cooperation. If human nature is one of constant conflict and mistrust, societies could not have been created in the first place. So, if before society existed there was only cooperation, one could say that society itself is the cause of all conflict, the opposite of Hobbes’s suggestion.I have argued that Hobbes’s idea of the human nature being one of const ant conflict and mistrust is false. Humans have always trusted each other and worked together to advance the species as a whole. If there wasn’t cooperation before society, society would have never existed at all. Hobbes states that human nature does not allow industrial advancement, but industrial advancement has obviously been achieved. He claims that man can only be at peace when he fears death, yet men naturally fear death, therefore man’s nature is one of peace.The fact that Societies are constantly at war does not prove Hobbes’s theory correct, it does the opposite. Societies are a result of humans working together, therefore human nature is one of cooperation. It is difficult to know how humans would act in a complete state of nature, but merely the fact that man exists today is proof that our nature is not one of war. 1. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, in Political Philosophy: The Essential Texts, ed. Steven M. Cahn (New York: Oxford, 2011), 293

Differences and Similarities between Federal and State Governments

The federal and state governments of the United State have apparent differences and similarities. This nature is based with the principle that there should be an existing central governing supremacy as exemplified by the federal government of U. S. Aside from a national ruling; however, it is still essential that state governments handle and control the concerns and interests most significant for the people of particular state. It is in comparing and contrasting the said structures of governments that American administration proves its purpose and essence to the society and its people.Similar to the federal government, every state government carries on with an established charter that determines the link between the governmental establishments and associations even at the level of state governments. All state institutions comprise a structure of separation of powers within the three branches of government. While President is the primary federal government head, a Governor heads the e xecutive branch of state government.The legislative branch of the federal government is composed of the Senate and House of Representatives whereas state governments have mostly lower houses, based from its bicameral type of legislature. While both government structures appear to be similar as far as the nature of their respective Congress, they differ in the frequency of legislature meetings. In the judicial aspect, federal judges are nominated by the President while election takes place in choosing state courts judges (Williams, 1998).William confirmed that federalism works but then asserted that states work well and even better than federal governments. This is because unlike federalism, states actually have federal structures even though they are not operating on a federal foundation. This simply means that states adhere with and apply the federal principles being performed by the federal government in the structure of state governments which made it more effective to the people of American states (Williams, 1998).

Global Web Services †The Web Solution Your Business Is Looking For

Global Web Services – The Web Solution Your Business Is Looking For Free Online Research Papers Global Web Services The Web Solution Your Business Is Looking For Executive summary Global Web Services is a new company specialized in website design and hosting for small business in France. We are now focused in the Latin and Chinese communities which have established small enterprises in France and that are currently searching for new, low cost, advertising opportunities. In order to offer the best price to our customers, our whole company is organized around a low cost strategy that takes advantage of globalization, outsourcing and the latest internet technologies to satisfy our primary criteria, which is to bring value to our customers. Because we know that low cost means nothing if there is no quality involved, our company is currently implementing a Total Quality Management system that allow us to bring to the customer exactly what he is asking for. From the standardized brief taking in the first interview to the final customer’s survey our processes are normalized which, in itself, constitutes the best warranty that our clients get exactly what the have asked for. We invite you to read carefully the following marketing program which also constitutes our business offer to you. We hope you will find in our starting company a great business opportunity. We also want to invite you to visit us at www.gws.com if you would like to know anything else about our business or to simply contact us at sales@mittica.com Table of contents Executive summary 1 Table of contents 3 Current market situation 5 Who are our clients? 6 Offer design 7 Opportunity and issue analysis 8 Internal Opportunities: 8 Low-cost site hosting in US 8 Professional design crews 8 Motivated Sales force 9 External opportunities: 9 Huge market demand 9 Competitive price 10 Threats 10 Internal threats 10 People 10 Physical evidence 10 External threats 11 Marketing Strategy 11 Outsourcing 12 Hosting and Domain Registration 12 Labor force 13 Specialization and Commercial Alliances 14 Localization 15 Custom made solutions 15 Multi language solutions 15 Pricing 16 Action programs 16 Financial projections 17 Assumptions 17 Cash Flow projection 22 Current market situation The website design industry in France for small business is very fragmented with no company getting anywhere near a dominant position. This is indeed a big opportunity for a specialized company like Global Web Services which is highly adaptable and can establish quickly a niche position. Small businesses themselves, these companies rely on web engine positioning, and in event based campaigns like the latest Salon des Entrepreneurs, to acquire new clients. E-mail marketing is also another powerful tool for this industry and they try to make the most out of it, by limiting pricing and availability of services to registered visitors of their web pages . Direct sales, either door to door or by telephone are not very used in this industry, probably because of the difficulty involved in choosing the right target. The most competed market is the pre-designed one which is also the cheapest option available for the consumer. A person or an enterprise looking to set up a website can just get into the internet and buy a pro-forma of a web site for just 500 euros, which will then fill it himself with his own content (pictures and text). Of course it comes with the sacrifice of originality and gives very little room to particular needs or customization. Sharply contrasting with this situation is the upper end of the market, where there are just a few big players like Microsoft, ORACLE and SAP with the necessary competences to offer very complex, custom made database and office integration tools that also include, as a plus, the corporate websites. Who are our clients? Our clients are small business with no more than 10 employees, located in the metropolitan France which are owned by immigrants coming from the South American region or China which are interested in finding new ways of promoting their business. For our clients a website is the opportunity of obtaining a more corporative image, get a low-cost permanent showroom for their business. In terms of the stage in the purchase decision process, our clients are, for the most part, first time prospects, who have not yet purchased a corporate website. Due to their ethnical origin they feel more comfortable doing business in their own language (sometimes there is just a great language problem). It is also more likely that they would want to buy from a vendor who understands their business, who explains things well, and whom they can trust. Special attention is given to the fact that as first time prospects, our customers require a considerable amount of information which is supported by our sales force, and, of course, our own website . Offer design We have developed different offers for different types of industries. It can either be consumer industries or service industries. As a matter of fact, the type of industry does not change much in our business because it’s the clients that provide the text that they wish to include in their website. We of course make sure that the website maintains our client’s corporate identity because a website has to be just an extension of an already established corporate identity. Our design crews are capable of making websites according to clients’ requirements, no matter what industry they are in. For example, a travel agency might need to put many images of the countries that they are promoting; a telecommunication company would require specific charts to show tariffs of different destinations; an independent movie studio might want to put some videos of their distribution. All personalisation can be realised by our professional design crews located in their home countries that achieve the same quality at much lower prices than in France. Being small businesses themselves, our customers are price oriented, they do not have big budgets just destined to website creation and maintenance, and nevertheless they want the same design quality and functionality of a medium or big company website. Nonetheless, technically speaking, these companies belong to the category of small or medium sized companies and their websites are normally simple in terms of technical resources, time required and complexity. Concrete examples Let’s think for a moment about the owner of a tà ©là ©boutique, (call shop), where people can make cheap phone calls, local or international, to a fixed phone or to a mobile. It can be a pizzeria or Indian restaurant with delivery service, a Chinese traiteur, a dry-cleaning service. Someone of our sales team can go into one of Chinese restaurants and discuss with the owner to find out a solution that corresponds to his or her needs. Our clients can either have their own tailor-made website or purchase a ready-to-use model to which our design crew would make some minor modifications, for example, adding some images provided by the client. It all depends on the clients’ different requirements and budgets. Opportunity and issue analysis Internal Opportunities: Low-cost site hosting in US As we host our clients’ sites in the United States instead of Europe, the hosting cost for our clients is much lower than if they do it in France. It is an important advantage in terms of budget saving. Low site hosting does not necessarily mean low quality. Our clients are provided with a complete set of services just as what they could have in France. The networks we choose are very stable with excellent maintenance and 24 x 7 timely technical support in case of problem, which remains rare. Professional design crews We have a pool of professional website designers in low labour cost countries, like mainland China, and Colombia. All of our design crews are professionals with a lot of experience in this field. They have already designed various types of websites for clients in different industries and work very efficiently. They understand clients’ needs very well and can adapt to correspond to clients’ requirements. Motivated Sales force Our sales team is made up of college students recruited in France and work part time mainly being remunerated with commissions which are determined by their sales results. The advantage of recruiting students is that they have generally well educated and have adequate knowledge and theories of the business world. They are eager to apply what they have learned in theory into the real world. More to the point, both GWS and they will benefit from the full month of training which is the starting point of the internship in our company. They also have flexible hours, some have free mornings, and others just the afternoons or the evenings and that allows them to work without affecting their studies while giving us the possibility of reach multiple targets like restaurants and pubs. The most part of our recruits are foreign students studying in France because of their language ability to communicate with the clients. There is also the fact that foreign students, for the most part, have financial constraints and are motivated to earn a little bit more by themselves to lessen their family’s heavy burden. Handling the heavy part of the sales and also being the company mentors are the more experienced salesmen and women who earn a basic salary of 2695 euros plus a variable pay that depends on the sales commissions. These are the people finalizing the sales process and in charge of taking the full brief from the customer. External opportunities: Huge market demand We have found a big, neglected market in the ethnic communities which is most of the times just relying in simple technicians or in particular persons (not enterprises). Most of our clients are the proud owners of a small business or a family business and they are very good at what they do, they also recognize the advantages of setting up a website for their companies but lack the technical expertise and necessary contacts to make it happen. That’s exactly what we can provide. Competitive price As we are fully capable to lower any certifiable business offer by 20% in France and our potential clients are very price oriented, we have an unbeatable advantage over our competitors. Threats Internal threats As any other service company we are facing threats too, mainly coming from the two additional Ps in the service marketing: people and physical evidence. People As our design crews are subcontracted companies, they also have clients in their respective home country, thus it is possible that they prioritize their work at hand and not be punctual when working for us. We, of course have the advantage of a bigger budget and the easy to use of our TQM assurance system. Physical evidence We do not have a huge office and our sales force is mainly students working part time. To our potential clients we might not be the most credible web design company. Our solution is to add as much physical evidence as possible, for example, we can require our sales force to wear relatively formal outfits when going to see clients, better with a portable computer with which he or she can show the client concretely what we have to offer, our achieved work and explain, with the added advantage of speaking our client’s mother language, why we are cheaper and how much we are cheaper. External threats Our biggest weakness is that our model is easily copied. Another company can just start hiring web designers outside the EU space. Luckily, and due mainly to the rigidity of the French laws, we have some time to consolidate ourselves before this actually happens. Besides the fact that our whole company is organized around a low cost strategy (very difficult to copy), we are aware of this threat and we can respond with a three pronged defence: We can assure quality and we will have a better brand awareness. Our profit margin is quite high, so we could undergo a price war. We have designed a program that gradually adds value to our offer trough our business associates capabilities and by adding value to our core offer. For example we can offer our clients three free modifications of their site once it is finished. Marketing Strategy Taking advantage of the Voip technologies and of the virtual office integration technologies our company has defined a low cost strategy which will be present at all times in our company. From the web hosting, to the design and actual construction of a web site we maintain a global scope that allow us to take advantage of economies of scale, spare capacity and low labor costs. We also aim for low cost with our regular staff in France who have the opportunity of developing their normal work tasks in virtual offices where they have regular virtual meetings and share presentations regularly. Of course, being environmentally friendly, here at Discount Web Pages we have a zero paper policy which is consistent with our TQM system. This virtual office feature is not only loved by our people who, for the most part will work at home or will be visiting our clients, but allows us to maintain a very little office in Paris which is complemented with the regular renting of a meeting and conference room where our sales force receives training. Outsourcing Hosting and Domain Registration More than 70% percent of the websites in the world are physically located in the United States, effectively creating a very competitive economy of scale that currently (after the dot com bubble went of) has a moderate spare capacity and is fully scalable. Service is excellent also, not just because it takes advantage of the world class infrastructure of the United States (power supply, culturally centered on customers, stable macroeconomic conditions). With prices ranging from $5, 95 to $30 per month, for medium range hosting services this is a competitive advantage that we are willing to translate directly to our customers with the compromise that we will find the best value offer for their needs. Additionally we are willing to offer our clients a â€Å".com† domain registration which is open for business all around the world and that is currently the most affordable alternative. With an average of $20 per year, the â€Å".com† constitutes a very good value proposition which contrasts sharply with the EU$ 45 of the â€Å".fr† domain registration which will also be available for our most traditional clients. Labor force As both, a labor and technology intensive industry, the website design industry can benefit greatly from outsourcing because it can effectively cut production costs to more than half. First, there is a benefit to be obtained from the localized pricing of the software producer companies (Computer Assisted Design Packages like Macromedia Dream weaver, Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft FrontPage, etc.) which can go as low as 35% percent less, depending on the country and the particular company policies . Global Web Services will benefit directly from this policies in the case of our in house designers and translators and indirectly, in the case of our sub contractors. Professional services are also cheaper in developing countries which give us the opportunity to sub contract most of our services at a 50% discount most of the times while attracting the best workforce available because of our good salaries . Specialization and Commercial Alliances Always bringing value to our customers, Global Web Services, have established a set of strategic joint ventures with business that share our same market philosophy. This empowers us to focus on our core business while offering a very complete solution without a significant price increase. We have made a brief description of each one of them, as well as an analysis to the added value they provide to our clients. Turner Translations – www.turnertranslations.com This well established multi language translation business located in the United States provides our clients with the ability to set up multi language websites at very competitive prices because they also outsource in Latin America. The Sweat Shop – www.the-sweatshop.com Based in Bogot Colombia, this small company boost a top of the market designers crew at below the average price. Customers needing special designs, or even whole corporate image studies can rely on us to translate directly their needs to this company or even contact them directly via our top of the line virtual office capabilities. This is also a very good business opportunity for GWS because it gives us the opportunity to further differentiate ourselves from other non-branded website designers. Alleati – www.alleati.com Based also in Bogot, Colombia, this medium company is specialized in back end solutions that allow companies to enhance their websites with advanced database technologies. Professional Business Consulting Services Recognizing that our clients are mostly family business of immigrants that are looking for ways to grow in the close future we have pulled together a database of professional business consultants of certified MBA level that are willing to provide marketing and Financial consulting services in languages other than French or English. Localization Custom made solutions Our goal is to be the company that better understands our niche of the market, our company is able to function in the client’s native language, and more to the point, is willing to undergo a process of three interviews (more if they are needed) on which our client first defines his needs, second has the opportunity of seeing and correcting a beta version of his website and, finally sees the final product and has the opportunity to make the final changes. Each of these interviews is documented in a standardized document designed under the standards of our Total Quality Management system. In order to assure this objective, we have created a two tier sales force which is going to provide a very professional assistance to our clients. Multi language solutions Based on the fact that most of our clients are targeting both, the French mainstream market and also, ethnic customers that would prefer to visit a website that speaks their mother tongue, our crew offers dual language websites as par of our regular business proposition. That fact alone, gives us a great business advantage over the local competition. Pricing Because the biggest part of our workforce is not located in the euro area and that we have very little fixed costs (plus other benefits of globalization already explained), we are able to make a very bold business proposition to our potential customers: â€Å"we are willing to better your best offer by 20% with at least the same quality and feature definitions†. This is a plus to the fact that we offer custom made solutions, contrary to the pre-defined templates that seem to be the norm for the French market and that we speak the same language that our customers (language and culturally speaking). Action programs As a new company based in Paris, Global Web Solutions is committed to the following objectives that will guarantee maximum profitability to our shareholders. Obtain at least 25% of market share in the Latin and Chinese small and medium enterprises sector in Paris by September 30 2005. Set a milestone of 100 customers served by October of 2005. Obtain our international Quality Assurance Certificate by February 2006. Because we always have in mind that sales mean nothing if our Company does not also progress financially, we are planning to achieve an early breakeven point after just 10 (January 2006) months of commercial operation. As our first year commitment we are focused on obtaining a 35% market share (Chinese and Latin) of the Parisian market (LA and Chinese smb’s) before 2005 is over. That will allow us to establish a strong base of operations in Paris which will effectively function both, as showcase and as a stronghold to capture the whole French market. Capitalizing the experience with the Chinese and Latin Markets, we will establish an African division by the second half of 2006. For our second year and taking advantage of our acquired experience and our dominant position in Paris, we are aiming to achieve a national market share of 40% by the end of March 2006. By the end of the same year, we are aiming to achieve a dominant position in the French metropolitan market. We expect to have a profit of 400.000 euros by the end of 2006. Finally, by the end of the first half of 2007, we hope to have gained enough cash flow and goodwill, to make the leap to other EU area countries. Our Company will do that with the added funds that an Initial Public Offering in the French stock market will provide. Financial projections Financially speaking this project has very interesting features due to the scalability of the business and the low level of true fixed costs. Assumptions The very conservative assumptions used to construct this model are listed as follows (please see the appendix one for the complete cash flow projection of the first two years of operations): Sales progression: We have estimated that our level of sales is going to grow 40% during the first ten months of operations and then, due mainly to the level of quality issues, this growth is going to stabilize around a monthly 9% during the second year of operations. We have also projected that the composition of our sales is going to be 80% type I (very simple web sites) 10 Type II (websites with more than 10 web pages), 7% type III and we will have a 3% of the very complicated type IV (database setup and complete corporate solution) France-based Salaries: We have made a distinction between the two different types of employees the company has. Interns are actually cheaper in terms of contributions to the state because health insurance is still a responsibility of the school. Type of employee Base salary / hour % for the state % company contribution Total to pay/hour Total / Month Stagier $ 2.14 0.35 0.2 $ 3.32 $ 464.38 Expert salesman $ 11.00 0.23 0.4 $ 17.93 $ 2,510.20 Management Salary (starting) $ 21.43 0.35 0.4 $ 28.93 $ 4,050.00 Other fixed costs: We have also identified and projected a list of costs. Concept Monthly Cost Rent for 65 sq meters business $ 1500.00 Electricity + gas/month $ 350.00 Telephones/month $ 500.00 Company Registration costs $ 1,000.00 Offshore contacts (1 web designer) $ 700.00 Variable Costs: These costs depend on the actual level of sales and are given per unit of sales. Please take notice that ignoring for a moment our French fixed costs, the cost of a very simple; two language website is just 220 euros. Variable costs (projected averages) Hosting services $ 30.00 Web domain registration $ 50.00 Website design $ 30.00 Website construction $ 80.00 Translation (one language) $ 30.00 sub total $ 220.00 Database implementation level 1 $ 500.00 Database implementation level 2 $ 900.00 Flyer design and printing $ 1,200.00 Prices: Prices GWS Maintenance /month Industry average Complexity level 1 (1-10 pages) tailor made $ 350.00 $ 59.50 $ 900 Complexity level 2 (1-10 pages 2 languages) $ 1,200.00 $ 204.00 $ 1500 Complexity level 3 (1-10 pages + database level 1) $ 2,000.00 $ 340.00 $ 3000 Complexity level 4 (1-10 pages + database level 2) $ 2,500.00 $ 425.00 depends on complexity Flash web design $ 300.00 n/a $ 500 Java development $ 500.00 n/a depends on complexity Mail app setup $ 100.00 $ 17.00 free Expected Inflation: 2%. Our prices will increase accordingly. Tax rate: 40%. We have ignored the fact that start-up companies have access to financing and some government tax breaks. Cash Flow projection Based on the previous assumptions we can easily assure our shareholders that we will easily achieve our first financial objective, which is to break even at the end of the tenth month of operations (December 2005). Research Papers on Global Web Services - The Web Solution Your Business Is Looking ForAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF

The company/organization that I will be discussing in regards to this module is the U.S. Air Force and how women face certain barriers within (i.e. promotion). Through my research, I found that â€Å"The Glass Ceiling† refers to the artificial barriers that women and minorities have to confront while trying to advance within their careers. The concept of the â€Å"glass ceiling† was created with the publication of the book â€Å"Breaking the Glass Ceiling† by Morrison et Al.’s, which brought the term â€Å"glass ceiling† into the lexicon in 1987. In the following years, the term came into wider usage, and the glass ceiling took off as a political issues. Today, it seems, it has become a routine practice to deny thousands of qualified women top level jobs, although being lauded for their performance. Some see the â€Å"glass ceiling† barriers toward women as nothing but an insidious form of sexual discrimination, in violation of law. A situati on which therefore should be corrected by application of affirmative action laws. According to a 2001 study commissioned by America by the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, 97% of the senior managers of the Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 are white, and 95-97% are male. This is occurring while 57% of the workforces are ethnic minorities, women, or both. Women constitute at the moment, 35% of the world’s labor force. The study also found that African, Hispanic(Latino), and Asian Americans do not earn the same pay for comparable positions., African Americans earning an astounding 21% less than their white counterparts in the same job. In this paper, I will relate all of this information to women who serve in the Air Force and some of the barriers they (we) face when it comes down to advancement within. Interest in the role of women in the military has been brought about by several different phenomena. The first, and probably the most powerful influence affecting women, consists of the socia... Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF The company/organization that I will be discussing in regards to this module is the U.S. Air Force and how women face certain barriers within (i.e. promotion). Through my research, I found that â€Å"The Glass Ceiling† refers to the artificial barriers that women and minorities have to confront while trying to advance within their careers. The concept of the â€Å"glass ceiling† was created with the publication of the book â€Å"Breaking the Glass Ceiling† by Morrison et Al.’s, which brought the term â€Å"glass ceiling† into the lexicon in 1987. In the following years, the term came into wider usage, and the glass ceiling took off as a political issues. Today, it seems, it has become a routine practice to deny thousands of qualified women top level jobs, although being lauded for their performance. Some see the â€Å"glass ceiling† barriers toward women as nothing but an insidious form of sexual discrimination, in violation of law. A situati on which therefore should be corrected by application of affirmative action laws. According to a 2001 study commissioned by America by the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, 97% of the senior managers of the Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 are white, and 95-97% are male. This is occurring while 57% of the workforces are ethnic minorities, women, or both. Women constitute at the moment, 35% of the world’s labor force. The study also found that African, Hispanic(Latino), and Asian Americans do not earn the same pay for comparable positions., African Americans earning an astounding 21% less than their white counterparts in the same job. In this paper, I will relate all of this information to women who serve in the Air Force and some of the barriers they (we) face when it comes down to advancement within. Interest in the role of women in the military has been brought about by several different phenomena. The first, and probably the most powerful influence affecting women, consists of the socia...

How to Write Term Papers

How to Write Term Papers How to Write Term Papers How to Write Term PapersIn the Middle Ages, a craftsman had to demonstrate his piece of work to the officers of the guild in order to be admitted to a trade guild. If the officers approved his work, he granted the title of Master of trade. This tradition still works today, as teachers at school/college/university evaluate students skills and abilities by the academic papers they accomplish. Probably, this is the idea that every student should keep in mind when writing his/her term paper. The only question is how to write term papers. Well, in this article, you will find useful tips on how to write term papers and get only the best grades ever. In addition, you should review great tips on how to write a term paper, how to write a thesis, and how to write a research paper in our blog!How to write term papers: BrainstormingBefore you get far gathering information, you have to think of two main things:What you aim to explore;Who the reader of your paper is.How to write term papers: P icking out a topicSomeone might take choosing a topic carelessly but not you if you want to get an A+ on your paper. The right choice of a term paper topic is half the battle and a strong factor influencing the entire success on the paper. Take into consideration your personal preferences, your level of knowledge and abilities, and the readers interest as well.How to write term papers: Seeking sourcesA crucially importance feature of scholarly writing is that scholars trace each idea to its source. It means that each idea and fact should be cited, and the source from which this information was taken should be presented in the reference list. Avoid the Web sources that every visitor has an access to. It is better to use books from your school library or educational websites.How to write term papers: OutliningA comprehensive outline will help you find connections between the pieces of information and find out what is worth or does not worth talking about. Think what might be mentioned first, then second, third, etc.How to write a term paper clearlyPeople tend to write clearly if they know what they are trying to say. Express your thoughts as if you are trying to explain a little boy an overcomplicated subject. First, do not pay attention to the grammar and spelling. You will come back to them after the full text is ready.How to write term papers: EditingFirst, proofread what you have written and try to find misunderstanding and shortcomings in the logic of narration. Then, pass to the grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Check the format.Our tips on how to write term papers will certainly help you if you take them into consideration. Do not forget to take a look at guidelines on how to write an essay and how to write a book report . You will definitely find them helpful!

Cultural Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Tourism - Essay Example In looking at the official national website for Sri Lanka tourism, the first word that appears is heritage. This indicates a strong need for the country to promote the historical value of its country as being central to the event of a vacation within their borders. The website promotes a sense of otherness, attuned to Western sensibilities, through depicting men sitting on elephants, a lounging leopard, and an exotic woman reclining in what appears to be a spa atmosphere. The experience is connected back to the Western traveler through an image of a Caucasian man on a surfboard and a modern look at a beach. The emphasis is on the exotic, with a connection to the modern Western ideal in order to attract a broad set of travelers. The official national website for the Maldives has a picture of a surfer, swimming below the water towards the surface on a submerged board. The image evokes the sense of the beach, a cool splash of water against the heat of the sun. The first sub-category tha t is presented is titled culture. Just like the Sri Lanka website, the first promotional factor is the differences in culture that a Western traveler would encounter when visiting the country. The two subsequent headings promote diving and the opportunity for a honeymoon in the Maldives. The website reveals the daily temperature and has links to further information about where to stay and where to go, just like the Sri Lanka website. The otherness that is expressed in both websites leads the traveler towards thoughts of adventure. In creating an enticement to travel to the region, the websites are intended to evoke a sense of newness of experience so that the traveler will want to know what they do not yet know. The imagery also suggests that the locations have the element of the exotic, the â€Å"erotics of imperial conquest† as explored by McClintock (24). While the eroticism is not blatant, the notion that the locations will bring to the vacationer an experience that is de fined by adventure suggests that the attendee will be able to conquer an unknown territory. The use of the woman in the spa-like atmosphere on the advertisement for Sri Lanka can be linked to the desire to equate sensuality with the experience of visiting the island. McClintock states that â€Å"women served as mediating and threshold figures by means of which men oriented themselves in space, as agents of power and agents of knowledge† (24). The boundaries of the world have been typically characterized as women, objectifying the presence of the female spirit within the framework of territory. Through using a female image in a position of sensuality, this concept is continued into the modern day discourse about the experience of visiting a new land, thus having conquered that experience. The Maldives have a different approach to enticing their visitors. The site is full of images of the rich blue of the sea in contrast to the strand of islands. Several images of surfers, thei r boards planted beneath their feet and their bodies arched in control of their activity, grace the pages of their website. This evokes a different type of feeling towards the experience. This suggests that the natural environment is what will be conquered in visiting the isla

The food crisis of 2008 had been threatening for a few years, mostly Essay - 1

The food crisis of 2008 had been threatening for a few years, mostly affecting the poor. A variety of causes but mostly man-made - Essay Example In this essay, the writer attempts to explicate that among variegated causes of food crisis are population explosion, mismatch of developmental priorities, environmental degradation and climate change. Population explosion The world has reached a population of 6.85 billion in the mid-year of 2010 and is estimated to reach 7 billion by the end of 2011 (Rosenberg, 2011). This increasing statistics of population could reach a peak that challenges the limited resources of the world. This situation is further compounded with massive influx of people from the rural communities, with whom nations relied for agricultural production, into the urban community in search for jobs that can immediately transform labor to money. Most of whom unfortunately dwell in ghettos and less conductive urban communities, except for those who were lucky to land in corporate jobs or in entrepreneurial initiatives. This rise of global population and anent urbanization trend, if uncontrolled, has serious implicat ion to food insecurity, mortality rate or severe malnourishment of children. It will generally affect the quality of life, delivery of social services, cause resource conflicts and increase of criminal rates and social malaise (Rosenberg, 2011). Thus, governments especially in developing countries have been advocating for reproductive health matters to limit populations in consideration to limited resources and services to be accorded to people. This is evidenced as crises are more felt in urban areas where people are vulnerable to volatile markets. On the other hand, rural communities are also confronted with difficulties in feeding their families with low income from farm produce against costly farm inputs and inflation (Lean, 2008) of prime commodities e.g. rice, sugar, oil and including skyrocketing prices of tuition fees in educational institutions, transportation and livestock’s food. Housing is incredibly a problem and albeit construction of villages, these homes are a ffordable only for those who have achieved a certain level of affluence to purchase properties. Indeed, increase of population means scaling up of utilization and maximization of resources, hence the wanton use of rainforests and wildlife. The inability to balance human needs and protection of environment presents detrimental condition—a world’s peril and damaging conflict of resource. Mismatch of Developmental Needs Recent developments made people grow grain to make fuel. Others raise crocodiles to fashion expensive bags. The worst side of this is that some countries are producing massive pineapples, mangoes, vegetation, rice and got best fishes only to be exported to rich countries while farmers, fishers and laborer were paid barely an amount for subsistence. In some developing countries, hug trees are cut to meet the construction needs of foreign nations while those who are leaving in logged sites content themselves with indigenous materials to live. People live in such irony. In United States, while there is recognition of decreasing wheat production as food in the last decades, whilst grain and oilseeds were also diverted for biofuel  production (US Department of State, 2009). Such impacted to the prices of wheat and rice just as how the use of palm oil for biofuel is affecting soybeans and vegetable oils’s pricing. This is further influenced by monopolistic capitals which dictate prices in the market and exacerbated the effects of inflation rates. There is therefore an urgent need to evaluate development programs